Author: Darrell MillerOsteoarthritis
is perhaps the fastest growing form of arthritis in the United States.
According to the Arthritis Foundation, one third of all adult Americans
have x-ray evidence of osteoarthritis. Last year over 7 million visits
to the doctor were osteoarthritis related which is second to
cardiovascular disease in America. As we age this number is going to
increase unless we take steps to stop arthritis. Over the years
researchers have developed medications to help relieve pain but none
have actually addressed the underlying cause of joint destruction. In
this article we will take a look at the characteristics of
osteoarthritis and the current treatments available. Also, we will look
at natural alternatives that can help improve quality of life.
Osteoarthritis is a disorder that involves certain bones and joints in
the body. A joint is where two bones are connected and made up of
cartilage which is surrounded by muscles and tendons. Some joints have
a limited range of motion such as a rib in the rib cage and others have
a much wider range of movement like hips, knees, elbows, wrists, and
thumbs. The wider ranges of motion joints are called synovial joints.
(1) Synovial joints have a unique structure. The bones that are
connected to synovial joints are cover in a tough fibrous tissue call
cartilage. This tough cartilage tissue between the bones is called the
joint capsule. The joint capsule has an inner cavity which is lined
with an inner membrane called the synovial membrane. With in this
membrane there is fluid called synovial fluid which is a thick,
slippery fluid that fills the small places in between and around the
two bones connecting. The fluid is filled with a substance that
lubricates the joints and eases movement. (1,2)
This joint cartilage
serves two purposes. First, it allows for a smooth surface to bear
heavy weight and ease joint movement when in motion. Secondly, the
joint cartilage absorbs shock and distributes the forces and mechanical
stresses out to the bones connected to the joint.
Joint function is under continual mechanical stress while in motion and
the joints ability to resist the stress reflects its health. If the
mechanical stress becomes to much for the joint, some physical changes
occur in the joint cartilage covering the bones. (1,2)
Cartilage is tough and some what elastic in nature comprised of water,
collagen and complex proteins called proteoglycans. (3) When
osteoarthritis has been diagnosed in a patient, the cartilage has
started to weaken and become frayed. Over time the cartilage breaks
down exposing the two bones of the joint. When two bones rub together
all sorts of damage can happen. Bits of bone and cartilage break off
and float around in the joint space. When the joint is bent, one
usually experiences a gritty grinding feeling which is painful. Over
time tiny bone spurs can grow into the cartilage and surrounding tissue
causing a great deal of pain and decrease range of motion in the joint.
As the arthritis progresses, the pain and discomfort will increase
creating sleepless nights and miserable days.
Even though the exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, researchers
do know that it is not age related. Researchers have observed the
disease having the same destructive changes in younger patients
diagnosed which haven't been observed in older individuals who don't
have the disease. (2,4,5) Researchers have observed that certain
conditions do seem to trigger the disease or make it worse.
Families who have frequent occurrences of osteoarthritis tend to lean
on the idea that it could be a genetic factor. Osteoarthritis of the
hands is often seen as genetic. (2) People who are extremely active or
have physically demanding jobs have a higher occurrence of developing
osteoarthritis. Also, individuals who have certain bone disorders are
prone to osteoarthritis as well. Individuals who are over weight are at
risk. Because of the excess pounds, these individuals usually develop
osteoarthritis in the knees and feet. Over weight individuals usually
have denser bones which do not absorb as much shock as thinner bones
might causing more damage to joint cartilage.
Currently there is no sure way to prevent osteoarthritis, but slowing
the progression may help with some lifestyle changes. The arthritis
foundation suggests individuals who are prone to osteoarthritis should
maintain a healthy weight and loose weight if needed. They also suggest
that these individuals should exercise on a regular basis as a
preventative measure. (4) Consumption of Calcium and other vitamins
such as vitamin A, C, D, and E can help as well. (6-8)
Treatment of osteoarthritis is usually focused around reducing or
relieving the pain an individual experiences and maintain or improve
the movement so to reduce any permanent disability. (2) Your Medical
practitioner normally prescribes a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen which is only effective in pain
management. Sadly these NSAIDs have side effects which can be serious.
NSAID induced gastrointestinal complications cause more than 100,000
hospitalizations and nearly 16,500 deaths each year in the United
States. Long term use of NSAIDs can cause ulcers in the stomach and
intestinal tract which product heartburn and abdominal pain. NSAIDs can
interfere with blood clotting and even cause kidney damage.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is some times prescribed for pain relief, but
acetaminophen does not reduce inflammation and have the same side
effects as NSAIDs plus in large doses can cause liver damage. (9)
Newer medications released to the public are called COX-2 inhibitors
which provide pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects with out the
side effects of other NSAIDs. (11,12) In some cases, COX-2 inhibitors
can cause stomach damage and bleeding. (13,14) All of these medications
may help with the pain but does nothing to slow down or stop the
osteoarthritis. This medication has no effect on the disease itself.
(10)
After reviewing all the side effects from the medications available,
some believe that Glucosamine sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate are
better for osteoarthritis because Glucosamine and Chondroitin actually
improve synovial joint health without any life threatening side
effects. (3)
Glucosamine sulfate and Chondroitin sulfate work so well as treatment
for osteoarthritis that even physicians routinely recommend it.
Glucosamine sulfate and Chondroitin sulfate are naturally occurring
compounds found in human joints. (15,16) When consumed in the right
combination can actually reverse the damage in joints affected by
osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is a natural substance found in synovial
fluid and is the basic building block of proteoglycans, one of the
compounds in synovial cartilage. Europeans have been using Glucosamine
and Chondroitin sulfate for more than 10 years to help ease joint pain.
Only in the past few years have researchers from American and Europe
worked together to figure out how this works. Researchers discovered
that Glucosamine sulfate reduces synovial joint inflammation which
explains why people feel better after taking the supplement.
Scientific studies have discovered that Glucosamine sulfate can help
stimulate cartilage cell growth, inhibit proteoglycans breakdown, and
rebuild the damage done by osteoarthritis. (17,18) Glucosamine Sulfate
not only helps your feel better but also repairs the damage that's all
ready done. The only Glucosamine used in all the studies was
Glucosamine sulfate. When the body digests Glucosamine sulfate the
sulfate separates and forms a ion salt called a sulfate ion. This
sulfate ion is critical for the body to synthesize proteoglycans. (17)
Researchers believe that Chondroitin sulfate works in a similar way to
Glucosamine sulfate and should be consumed along with Glucosamine
sulfate. Several studies investigated the action of Chondroitin sulfate
and determined for best results one should take them both together.
However, if your health care practitioner suggests taking only one or
the other it is best that you follow your practitioners advice.
Other vitamins and minerals are beneficial to individuals suffering
from osteoarthritis. Suck as, folic acid and B12 may increase joint
mobility and vitamins A, C, D, and E may prevent the progression of the
disease as well as prevent osteoarthritis all together. (8,19,20)
Several clinical studies used the herb Boswellia serrata which help
with swelling and yielded good results as well. Cayenne or capsaicin
ointment can help elevate the pain associated with osteoarthritis.
Cayenne pepper depletes the nerves of a neurotransmitter called
substance P. This substance P transmits pain messages to the brain, so
cayenne is very effective in relieving osteoarthritis pain.
Along with supplements, exercise is an important to help keeps joints
mobile and healthy. For those suffering from osteoarthritis, water
aerobics might be an option because it is low impact and gives one the
ability to flex their joints with out applying much weight on the
joints.
It is easy for those who don't feel well to self diagnose. If you
suspect that you have a joint health issue, get evaluated by a licensed
health care provider before taking any steps to get better on your own.
Some of these same symptoms can be related to other illnesses which
require different treatment. Only a health care provider can be certain
one has osteoarthritis. With proper exercise and supplements one can
reduce the constant stiffness and pain associated with osteoarthritis
and this can lead to a healthier pain free life. All the supplements
mentioned can be found at your local or internet health food store.
References:
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